Welcome back to our series on NAMs. So far, we have looked at how model choice depends on the scientific question, and where NAMs can support nonclinical drug development. In this article, we move beyond pharmaceuticals to look at how human cell-based NAMs could also support environmental, agricultural, and personal care toxicology. Unlike drug development, where researchers are often focused on a defined drug candidate, chemical safety assessment may involve large numbers of substances with limited existing data (1). Chemicals enter the body through different routes and can be encountered repeatedly or at low exposures, or in combinations that better reflect real-life exposure....