Biomarker measurements provide valuable information about biological processes, disease and treatment response, but they represent selected features of a much more complex biological system. Many biomarker assays provide a time-fixed snapshot. DNA, RNA and protein measurements each capture different layers of biology, and no single molecular readout provides a complete picture of what is happening inside a living cell. As datasets grow and AI-based biological models become more sophisticated, understanding what the underlying data represent, and what they leave out, becomes increasingly important. What are Biomarkers? Biomarkers are used across many areas of medicine and drug...