In our last article, we explored how selecting the right model depends on the scientific question and the stage of research. We summarized the strengths and limitations of animal- and human-derived cells and discussed why moving toward more human-relevant models is best approached in a strategic manner.  Among the human-relevant models gaining traction are new approach methodologies (NAMs), a diverse group of methods that aim to advance research and development while reducing the use of animals. As many readers will already be familiar with NAMs, this article focuses on how they are being applied in nonclinical toxicology today, where they add value, and what is needed for robust...