It is no secret that cell-based models are the backbone of modern drug discovery. For decades, researchers have used animal-based models including cells and whole animals to investigate mechanisms of disease, screen compounds, and support preclinical research. Over the past two decades, advances in human primary cell culture, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), gene editing, and 3D culture have expanded the range of human-relevant in vitro models available. Many of these emerging technologies are now (as of 2026) discussed within the context of new approach methodologies (NAMs), which includes methods that aim to advance research and development while reducing the use of...